Physicians can improve patients' control of their warfarin serum levels in various ways.  Obviously educational programs are very helpful.  Sometimes having patients test their own INR levels and manage their own warfarin dosage can be highly effective.  Bloomfield[13] reported a very significant reduction of risk of major thromboembolic events in patients who did self testing or self management using a portable device, such as the one illustrated in Figure 9. Camm J. Am J Med 2013; published on-line at http://education.amjmed.com/00000.